Water-based enzyme ink enables one-step printing of wearable biofuel cells

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Feb 26, 2026 - 23:30

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Water-based enzyme ink enables one-step printing of wearable biofuel cells

Enzymatic biofuel cells can act as self-powered wearable biosensors by converting chemicals in body fluids into electricity; however, manufacturing challenges have prevented their widespread adoption. Now, researchers from Japan have developed water-based 'enzyme inks' that enable single-step screen printing of complete biofuel cells onto paper substrates. The printed electrodes demonstrated superior performance and stability compared to those made using conventional methods, paving the way for mass-produced, battery-free wearable health monitors. The findings are published in the journal ACS Applied Engineering Materials.